Style Of J. D. Salinger Essays - J. D. Salinger, Free Essays

Style Of J. D. Salinger Essays - J. D. Salinger, Free Essays Style of J. D. Salinger Many critics consider J.D. Salinger a very controversial writer, for the subject matters that he writes.. J.D. Salinger?s works were generally written during two time periods. The first time period was during World War II, and the second time period was during the 1960?s. Critics feel that the works during the 1960 time period were very inappropriate, because of the problems for which he wrote. The main characters were generally misfits of society. In most of his works, he has the protagonist of the story go on a quest for happiness. Salinger does not conform to the material happiness; the characters undergo a spiritual happiness. The characters generally start out as in bad conditions, through the end of his works they undergone changes that change them for the better. The works of J.D. Salinger show the quest for happiness through religion, loneliness, and symbolism. Salinger?s works often use religion in order to portray comfort. In Salinger?s Nine Stories Franny Glass keeps reciting the "Jesus Prayer" to cope with the suicide of her brother Seymour (Bloom in Bryfonski and Senick 69). Salinger is able to use this prayer as a means of comfort for Franny. The prayer ezds for the last hope for Franny in this situation. Franny would be lost if their was no prayer. (Bryfonski and Senick 71). Salinger shows us comfort in Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caufield, the protagonist, is very much in despair for losing his girlfriend, so Caufield reads a passage in the Bible. This helps Holden change his outlook on life (Salzberg 75). Holden was all alone at this point and had no one to turn back on, until he found the Bible (Salzberg 76). In both stories the characters had found themselves in bad situations. The characters in these works have obstacles which they must overcome in order to achieve happiness (Salzman 34). Happiness is the very subezce which all of these characters are striving for in Salinger?s works. Salinger uses religion in his works to comfort them so that they can proceed on their quest to achieve happiness. Salinger uses religion as a means for liberation. Salinger uses much of the Zen philosophy, as in the case of Nine Stories, to achieve this liberation (Madsen 93). In Nine Stories one of the characters, Seymour Glass, is portrayed as Buddha in the sense that he wants to be liberated as Buddha was in his life (Madsen 93). Seymour Glass in Nine Stories has a certain philosophy about life, it is similar to the Eightfold Path used by Buddha when achieving nirvana (French in Matuz 212). Seymour Glass is on a quest to become free from all of the suffering in his life as Buddha was from his life (French in Matuz 213). Seymour follows the Eightfold path to become liberated from suffering (Madsen 96). Seymour achieves "nirvana" by living a good life and end anything that causes suffering. Seymour is able to attain nirvana by committing suicide (Lundquist in Matuz 211). Salinger shows us that when Seymour committed suicide he let go of all of the suffering that he encountered, thus attaining the happiness he longed for (French, Salinger Revisited 132). Salinger shows liberation as an end to all suffering, thus creating happiness for the character. (French, Salinger Revisited 133). The final function of religion as a means to attain happiness was to gain peace In "The Young Lion," Salinger uses religion to gain peace through a fictitious war. In the story many of the soldiers were dying and the countries were in turmoil (Lundquist 312). The leaders in the story see a vision on the battlefield that changes them, and stops the war (Lundquist 315). Salinger shows how religion can be a force used to create happiness in a story, by creating peace (Lundquist 313). Salinger is able to use religion as a means of attaining happiness through peace. The story seemed very dismal, until religion intervened and stopped the conflict. Salinger creates happiness for the characters by stopping the conflict. In "The Stranger" Salinger creates peace through a war by using more of the Zen philosophy. Salinger?s creates a "Pact of Peace" which stops the conflict between

Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Essays

Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Essays Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Paper Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Paper This is the ghost of Marley; Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend. I am here on this particular day partly as it was the night of my death seven years ago but I am really here as I have a chance to tell and warn Scrooge that hes heading down a bad road and that hes living a selfish, horrible and wicked life. If hes does not change he will condemned to wander for eternity and witness what he cannot share. I knew Scrooge well as he was my best and only friend and he was my business partner. We had a lot in common. We were selfish and greedy with no feelings for the poor or needy. We just wanted more and more money. We may have been rich but we were certainly poor in sprit and no joy in us. Yes, Old Scrooge is definitely a humbug but he was still my best friend. Earlier this day Scrooges nephew arrived and wished scrooge a merry Christmas and surprise, surprise Scrooges reaction was Bah! Humbug. His nephew thought he didnt mean that but then Scrooge said to him What right have you to be merry, youre poor enough. I cannot believe he said such a thing to his nephew, he treats his family no better then other people. Scrooge assumed that his nephew was just there to visit him for a present of some sort like money but in reality he only wanted to catch up on scrooge and hear whats been happening in his life? Basically he wanted to be a friend. Scrooge was having none of it has he is a selfish unsociable man. While his nephew walked out the clerk accidentally let two gentlemen in. These gentlemen where calling as they knew Scrooge was well off and would definitely be able to spare some money for the needy and poor. When they entered they asked if they could speak to either Scrooge or Marley. Scrooge replied saying that Marley had died seven years ago this night. The two gentlemen answered saying that they had no doubt that his liberality was well represented in his surviving partner. I can definitely say that that statement is true as I am nearly as mean and selfish as Scrooge himself. The gentlemen asked if he would like to make some slight provision for poor and needy, but Scrooge replied that he didnt make himself merry at Christmas and he couldnt afford to make idle people merry either, He also said that he paid taxes anyway and they provided funds for the workhouses and jails. My heart sunk when I saw how selfish and greedy he is as I knew thats what I used to be like as well. Outside of Scrooges workplace the fog and darkness was really thick and impenetrable. I am stating this as I think this reflects Scrooges character as he is selfish, greedy and mean man and he has no consideration for others. He does not even consider his workers and he very unwillingly gave Bob Cratchit, his personal assistant the day off for Christmas, complaining that he was getting paid for not working. When you look at Scrooges financial state and Bobs financial state, it is terrible to think that Scrooge couldnt just spare him Christmas off without any fuss. Scrooge yet again headed home after another day of work to his lonely old house where he would have his dinner by himself once again. But let me tell you he will have company during tonights dinner as I am going to visit him this very night. I follow him home as he leaves his office and I see the house I once shared with him. Oh the memories I have of that house are still coming back to me now. I decide to give him a wake up call; a wee shock I make my face appear on his doorknocker thinking this will give him a fright. It doesnt really seem to work as he just opens door and walks in to his house. It is quite funny to see him look behind door to see if my pony tail is coming out from the back of the doorknocker. When he slams door closed I make a lot of scary noises like thunder and lighting. But Scrooge doesnt seem to be scared by echoes or thunder. I think to my self how ungrateful he is and I start to get quite serious but I do realise that he has double locked his door which is unusual for him so I know he is getting slightly scared. But Scrooge just forgets about it and goes to count his money by the fire. I just look at him with a forgiving heart. All I want to do is to help him, you must remember that. So I make my face appear on the fire tiles but he just says Humbug , the way he always does. He then glances at the disused bell at the corner of the room. Nows my chance I make it ring. He is astonished to see it move. I then make my way up from the cellar into his room, unlocking the door. I have big heavy chains around me with boxes on them and as I walk up the stairs I sound like an elephant. This is because the chains are so big and heavy. This I think will definitely work but again Scrooge just shouts Humbug and assumes he is hearing things. I cant take this anymore so I go up to him in person as a ghost obviously. I myself look just like I did on the day I died except for the heavy chains on me and a bandage round my head. These bandages were shoved on around your head to keep your jaws closed in coffins. I despised them so much. Scrooge is shocked to see me and shocked that you look the same as I did seven years ago when I where alive. However Scrooge still refuses to acknowledge that you are real and not is imagination. He blames the fact that he sees you on something he ate that day. I tell him why Im here but Scrooge cant understand so I start to describe my wasted life to him and how I regret it so much and I say to him again that Im here to offer him a chance to change his fate of having to wonder eternity like me and carry these heavy chains on his body. Before I leave I warn Scrooge that there will be another three spirits which will visit you tonight. I leave him wondering about what he has just seen, hoping that he will change his self-centred life and not have to spend eternity like me. Personally however I think Scrooge is too much like me and will forget my visit and keep living a life of selfishness like I did.

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business management - Essay Example On the other hand behavioral theory argues out that any individual who can adopt a behavior that is appropriate can be considered to be a good leader. Behaviors could be learned in an easier manner than traits making the leaders to access all behaviors. As opposed to the trait theory that believes that all leaders may be born, behavioral theory argues out that leaders may not be born. The process of leadership can be learned thus not automatic. Different leaders are made through hard work and efforts. The behavioral theory argues out that managers’ potential of leadership can be could be trained to leadership that is effective thus leadership needs to be combined together with management so as to obtain significant outcome. In this regard, the theories of behavior are based on the idea that leaders are normally made instead being born. With this basis, the theory of behaviourism focus on the leaders actions instead of traits. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that facilitates morale, performance, and motivation of the followers by using various mechanisms. The first mechanism include having the follower’s identity and self sense connected towards the project and an organization’s identity. The second mechanism is challenging the followers for them to assume a great working ownership. The third mechanism involves serving as a role model of the followers hence inspiring them and boosting their interest. The last mechanism involves getting to know the weaknesses and the strengths of the followers for the leader to align the followers with tasks for enhancement of their performance. An organization that will call for transformational leadership is an organization whose workers need their needs to be addresses, for them to rise beyond self interest for the organizational sake. This is an organization whose workers have a consciousness level considered as below the optimal level o f the

Annotated Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works Bibliography

Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works - Annotated Bibliography Example El fama mas destacado de Dario esta derivado de estos tres. Sin embargo, Azul, reconocido como la obra que mas defina el movimiento modernista, es una coleccion de prosa y verso que representa la interpretacion de Dario. Esta intepretacion incluye principios artisticos de la escuela de parnassismo frances. Este enfoque en el parnassismo frances incluye restriccion, objetividad, y descripcion precisa, en su lengua nativa. Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. Desde su titulo enigmatico a la estructura de de la obra, que consiste de historias y poemas, es la obra mas representativa del periodo modernista. Ya esta aceptado que con esta coleccion de poesia, Dario se ha dado un nuevo sentido y ritmo a la lengua espanola. Su obra Azul es una parte de trabajo que de veras merece reconocimiento ancho. Annotated Bibliography (cont'd) Franco, Jean. An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1995. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su...Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su estudio importante, Jean Franco dedica su introduccin a la literatura de Amrica espaola. Esta cubierto el periodo entre la Conquista y circa 1750, y dentro de sa, da el apenas un por ciento de su paginacion al tratamiento de la literatura indgena. Desde la publicacin de este libro, sin embargo, la nocin de las obras literarias hispanoamericanas ha alterado drsticamente y la

Gender Differences in Fundamental Movement Patterns Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Fundamental Movement Patterns Essay Raudsepp and Paasuke (1995) tested 60 8-year olds (33 boys and 27 girls), finding that there are no sex differences in the kinematics of running. However, they found that boys perform better in overhand throwing and in tasks evaluating motor performances and muscle strength. Girls outperformed the boys in two tasks: sit and reach and balance (p. 294). This study merits discussion on several fronts. First, the researchers hypothesize that factors other than biological account for the gender differences in motor skills that they found in their tests (p. 301). Second, the researchers note that biological variables had been considered in previous studies (p. 294), and they made this point a significant aspect of their own investigation. Third, the children were given classes before the testing sessions (p. 295). In trying to account for the results of their study, the authors hypothesize that factors other than biological could account for the gender differences. Biological factors include age, height, weight, and body fatness (p. 294). A factor that could explain these differences is experience. Indeed, the authors note that, in the case of overhand throwing, girls do not have the same amount of experience as boys, and that boys have more memories of practicing overhand throwing (p. 295). In trying to eliminate biological factors from the results of their study, Raudsepp and Pausuke standardized the age factor, as they chose only 8-year olds for their study. They also measured the height, weight, and BMI of their subjects, finding that there were no significant sex differences in height and BMI. However, the boys were heavier than the girls (p. 297). In their choice of subjects, the researchers have chosen groups that differ only in the biological factor of weight. This is a significant point for their study, however, there are other biological factors that could have been considered and that possibly might account for some of the differences the authors observed. For instance, could joint length (in proportion to height) account for the difference in stride lengths in the running kinematics test? Also, if the boys and girls are similar in height and BMI, what aspects of the body composition of boys accounts for their heavier weight? An intriguing aspect of this study is that the researchers gave the children classes before the testing sessions. In these classes, children were taught the proper techniques of running and throwing (p. 295). As these classes likely impacted the children’s performance in the tests, additional information should have been provided to the reader. Who taught these classes? Were the instructors male or female? Were the children separated by gender in the classes, or were boys and girls taught together? An additional component that could make an ideal subject for future investigation would be to test the children both before and after the training sessions. In this way, the elements of experience and technique could be weighed against performance, particularly in the task of overhand throwing. In summary, this study largely confirmed findings from previous studies. The authors, in their attempts to standardize biological factors, bring up important questions to consider in future studies. In the area of biological factors: What accounts for the boys’ heavier weight? Does limb length account for differences in stride length? Is there a difference in body composition or limb length that accounts for girls’ increased flexibility and balance? In respect to environmental factors: How did the technique classes affect the children’s performance?

Does attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to brin

Does the attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to bring up children? To answer this question for advice to parents I will explore some of the details of the attachment theory showing, 1) earlier studies and more up to date criticisms, 2) how it proposes family members and day care can affect a child’s upbringing. Attachment is the bond that develops between caregiver and infant when it is about eight or nine months old, providing the child with emotional security. Meshing commences from when the child is being fed, onto taking part in pseudo-dialogue and then following on to the child taking part in a more active role of proto dialogue, illustrated by Kaye (1982), other concepts such as scaffolding and inter-subjectivity have also been explored by psychologists. As the infant grows older the attention escalates towards the direction of the caregiver. John Bowlby(1958, 1969, 1973, 1980) pioneer of the attachment theory was involved in research regarding the emotional connection between the adult and infant and he believed that the early relationships determined the behaviour and emotional development of a child. In an early Bowlby (1944) study he discovered children who had an unsettling upbringing where more likely to become juvenile delinquents. His work is constantly open to criticism and has been revisited with further research. Subsequent research has based measuring security and insecurity in a child from an early age using the Strange Situation Test. Other research has shown certain trends of difficult behaviour and how the child interacts with the caregiver actively. Bowlby’s theory was based on ideas from ethology and previous work, psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud, it was appropriate for the 1950’s after the 2nd World War when women were returning to household duties and motherhood as men returned to their employment after the war. He believed that a child should have interaction with one caregiver ‘monotropism’ and that separation from this person would trigger the ‘proximity promoting behaviours’ in the attachment structure. The caregiver arriving would cause the behaviours of, clinging, making noises and crying to discontinue. The protected foundations of the affectionate bonds occurring between parent and infant representation becomes part of the internal working model. Those become the foundations and the heart of a... ...how parents create persons, Brighton, Harvester Press. MAIN, M. and SOLOMON, J. (1990) ‘ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganised/ disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation’ in GRENNBERG, M. T. CICCCHETTI, D. and CUMMINGS, E. M. (eds) Attachment in the Preschool Years, Chicago Ill., University of Chicago Press. VAN IJJZENDOORN, M. H. and KROONENBERG, P. M. (1988) ‘Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: a meta-analysis of the Strange Situation’, Child Development, 59, pp. 147-56 RICHMAN, N., STEVENSON, J. and Graham, P. J. (1982) Pre-School to School: a behavioural study, London, Academic Press. ROBERTSON, J. and ROBERTSON, J. (1952), A Two-Year-Old Goes To Hospital, ‘Attachment’, T. V. program, The Open University (2000), ED209 Child Development, Milton Keynes, The Open University SAMEROFF, A. J. (1991) ‘ The social context of development ‘ in WOODHEAD, M., CARR, R. and LIGHT, P. (eds) Becoming a Person, London, Routledge. STEWART, R. B. (1983) ‘ Siblings attachment relationships: child-infant interactions in the strange situation’, Development Psychology, 19, pp. 192-99.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Lao Tzu and Machiavelli’s View of “The People”

Azhar A. Sapargaliyeva Professor Hammerbeck Introduction to Critical Issues 18 September 2012 Compare Lao Tzu’s and Machiavelli’s view of â€Å"the people†. How does each author’s conceptualization of â€Å"the people† affect what kind of government they support? Life experience, culture, language, time of living and many other factors affected Lao Tzu’s and Niccolo Machiavelli’s views on how an ideal leader ought to govern a country. These views, expressed in their texts, reflected on how these writers perceived the fellow men. Lao Tzu is a Chinese philosopher and founder of Daoism.He is the author of a philosophical document called â€Å"Tao-te Ching†. Niccolo Machiavelli, is a 15th century aristocrat and a writer, mostly famous for his political treatise, â€Å"The Prince†. This essay will attempt to analyze both authors’ views on human nature and the way these views affected the types of government supported. A s mentioned above different lives of Lao Tzu and Machiavelli influenced their images of human nature. Lao Tzu worked in the court of the ruling dynasty and lived a quite stable and peaceful life in around the 5th century B. C.E. Whereas Machiavelli lived during the time of political turmoil in Italy. He was suspected of conspiring against the royal family and was even tortured for that (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Thus, these different living conditions led both philosophers to think of â€Å"the people† differently: Lao Tzu had a positive opinion of individuals, which is contrary to that of Machiavelli’s suspicious and cynical image of â€Å"the people†. This is important to analyze because these views in some way determined the way they portrayed an ideal government.Lao Tzu, in his â€Å"Tao-te Ching†, has an optimistic, almost idealistic perception of â€Å"the people†. His proposed attitude for the ruler to have toward citizens resemb les that of parents toward a child. They treat the child with love and care. At the same time they let go of restrictions and rules, so that he/she learns from their own mistakes and grows up to be self-reliant. The â€Å"upbringing† of children can be compared to governing people. Lao Tzu in paradoxical way proposes to stick to the â€Å"practice of not doing† (Jacobus 24) and let the things take their natural course.The author encourages leaders to give â€Å"the people† more freedom and rights: â€Å"I let go of the law and people become honest† (Jacobus 29). He believes in the good in people and in their ability to choose the morally good paths. He says: â€Å"Throw away morality and justice and people will do the right thing† (Jacobus 25). His description of an ideal government resembles a modern day democratic type of government as â€Å"democracy† literally means â€Å"ruled by the people† (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). â₠¬Å"The Prince† reveals an entirely different view of â€Å"the people†.Lao Tzu is mostly concerned with their well being. He advocates politics based on moral considerations while Machiavelli advices the leader not to bother with such things and focus more on practical politics. The latter is a reflection of a pessimistic and cynical view of â€Å"the people†. According to the author they are â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, avoiders of danger and greedy for gain† (Jacobus 46). The very title of the book, and its form as a handbook for the ruler, a single person, hint at support for monarchic type of government.Monarchy is a type of political system in which authority is represented in a single person who exercises supreme power (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). Moreover, strictly speaking, Machiavelli basically says that â€Å"bad† people need a strict ruler, who would be feared. As a matter of fact â€Å"it is better to be feared than loved†, beca use love is temporal, while fear is constant (Jacobus 46). Therefore, his kingship seems more like an autocracy or even dictatorship. Dictators gain despotic power, which they then maintain through the use of intimidation and oppression (Britannica Online Encyclopedia).The advice in these two texts, however, might not be as relevant as handbooks for politicians these days. Practice shows that there have not been many prosperous absolutely democratic governments, which at the same time imposed no laws and restrictions whatsoever; neither have there been many despotic monarchs in power to successfully run a country. The views of â€Å"the people† by both writers represent two extremes, and seem to be unrealistic and in a way paradoxical.Reading and understanding both books, however, is still of significant value, because they represent the literary and historical legacy of political thought and most importantly they disc?lse the tw? particular ways of l?oking at the world. On t he one side â€Å"The Prince† gives an insight of what the w?rld looks like from a dem?ralized and cynical realist’s perspective. On the other hand â€Å"Tao-te Ching† expresses utopian perceptions of an idealist. To sum up Lao Tzu in his â€Å"Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching†, he advocates the â€Å"practice of not doing† as a way to govern people.One of the reasons for that are the author’s high opinion of and a belief in their ability to adopt a morally right behavior. He proposes for things to take their natural course. Therefore, adapted to modern times, the type of government that Lao Tzu supports resembles democracy. Machiavelli, on the contrary, views ‘the people’ as â€Å"simulators and deceivers†. Thus he directs â€Å"the prince† to rule by keeping ‘the people’ in awe. He signals his support for monarchy and, possibly, dictatorship. Works Cited Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Democracy. 15 Se p. 012. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Dictatorship. 14 Sep. 2012. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Monarchy. 15 Sep. 2012. Jacobus. Lee A. A World of Ideas. Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2010. 925-28. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Niccolo Machavelli. 8 Sep. 2009. 14 Sep. 2012.